What Sparks Poetry

Language as Form

In our series Language as Form, we’ve invited poets to write about poetic language as patterned language—how words as sound, voice, sentence, and song become elements of form.

Sarah Riggs On Writing Lines, and the Revolutionary Pleasure of Process, Influence and Constraints

The bird song and street noise and lilt of the subway and recent phone conversations go into our poetry. We are made up of influences, there is no blank page or screen, as has been said many times. Books, projects, obsessions of Lyn Hejinian and Bernadette Mayer, Etel Adnan, Emily Dickinson and the French OuLiPo and Oscarine Bosquet hover around my book Lines, translate into my writing, as does to be in a Trump regime, to discover oneself early into writing the book to be in a family crisis.

In my poem “November 14” from Lines we start with “Only hour only thought: speech speech.” At the age of 47 I set out to write the book in 47-minute time periods. Roughly an hour, an only hour so to speak, in a field of time dedicated only to thinking/ speaking. Increasingly hard to do this century, with text messages et cetera punctuating thought.  So on October 15, 2018, I started on a dictation of the mind so to speak, in which second thoughts are also written, and set my phone timer for each writing session, at the same café for many of the poems.  Not written so much as transposed.  I determined each poem would be 47 lines, and the lines do not need to be connected to ones before or after, though they could be. There would be 47 poems. The name of each poem is the date it was written.  To be in time, in the calendar, to have a project that is a book that is a series. To feel in the momentum of it. To slant into dream, to invite that we survive through the tilt and whir of connecting synapses. 

One of the epigraphs to my book is from Bernadette Mayer’s Midwinter Day, a book she wrote, with much work leading up to it, on a winter solstice day (published 1971). Mayer lived from 1945-2022 and was associated with the New York School of poets and the Language School.  She writes:

I had an idea to write a book that would translate the detail of thought from a day to language like a dream transformed to read as it does, everything, a book that would end before it started in time to prove the day like the dream has everything in it, to do this without remembering like a dream inciting writing continuously for as long as you stand up till you fall down like in a story to show and possess everything we know because having it all at once is performing a magical service for survival by the use of the mind like memory.

Poet Lee Ann Brown who was very close to Mayer (and published her Sonnets with Tender Buttons Press) remembers Mayer saying that she wished she had a machine that would transfer her own thoughts directly onto paper!

And I write in my author’s note to Lines, written over two years:

I was thinking about the notion of a series—of life and consciousness happening in the moment, and being in the speed of it, without judging or forming conclusions, just staying with its language and mental visuals. I felt as though this would make possible a kind of cinema verité of the subconscious through poetic association and its momentum. A book, I thought, could be a cinema of language, in the flow of language that accompanies the mind, in associative movement.


My poem writes “Wake into a glancing dream, do I?” and a couple of lines later “Walk on a planet that melts, moves.”  The transformations afoot are too huge for the rational mind to fathom but if one relies on invitations to the mind to roam freely, to wander in the interstices where the media would never know to tamper, we can feel whatever is happening also with a kind of pleasure, we feel alive … we feel especially human.

 

“Speak speak, breasts what the mouth doesn’t know” I write. For me one of the largest unchosen constraints of life is the patriarchy. Men have chosen everything historically, down to the very languages we write in. The influence of women poets has been crucial for me. For instance, Lyn Hejinian’s constraint for her book My Life in her 37th year, each of 37 poems being 37 lines. Choosing to be hemmed in on one’s own terms. These constraints, because they are chosen, are tremendously liberating, and are portals into the riot of experience. Hejinian (1941-2024) continued the riot over advancing years, adding more lines and (re)publishing My Life and My Life in the Nineties.

 

There has been an important pattern in my poetry books: to set, and also often, to break the constraints.  To realize my early 21st Century realities don’t allow for Sapphic stanzas, or that the rigour of late 20th Century women who were experimental writers had a different relation to time, though they too played with the constraints they set. I set out on a book of 47 poems, and there are 41 in the published version, and most considerably shorter than 47 lines! So much the better, not to conform to the rules, even ones that one sets oneself. 

Life is happening. The crises are sometimes too earthshaking for the poems. I work on another book for a while. I tend to my family and various needs. I have friends and a writing group make suggestions of how to revise. The writing is uneven, needs to be shaped over time.

With the publisher Matvei Yankelevich of Winter Editions we settle on my nomination of Lines as a survival manual for a Trump presidency and a family crisis. Each writing and creative project is a survival manual in a way. I look forward to yours.

Writing Prompt

Liberating your Poetry & Creativity through Chosen Constraints

Harryette Mullen (born 1953) borrowed from OuLiPo constraints (Georges Perec, for instance, writing a novel in 1969 without the letter “e” in it) and broke them, finding the limitless possibilities of writing when you work with chosen limits that you then expand, stretch, fall back on.

1)     Invite yourself to take a numerical constraint (or several).  The time of day.  The number of lines you want to write. A form you want to try. Etel Adnan started her book TIME with the receipt of a postcard, and called the first poem sequence October 27, 2003, written to her friend who sent the postcard, and subsequent sequences are often titled by the day, even with the time of day, like March 25th at 4 pm. Naming and feeling time allows you to be in the moment.  One constraint can be to pick a place where you will be each time you’re writing. 

2)    Channel an influence or more than one.  You can choose to riff on or translate someone else’s work. You can choose epigraphs.  Dedicate or address your work to someone. You are smarter than AI, but you can do what AI does, translating English to English if you don’t have another language.  I co-translated from the French Oscarine Bosquet’s Present Participle: letter poems to the revolutionary Rosa Luxembourg that she wrote with the songs of birds (birds that don’t exist in North America) at Rosa’s prison window. Oh how we laughed, Oscarine and my co-translator, trying to come up with the particular kind and song of titmouse, tsi-tsi ba  tsi-tsi ba  tsi-tsi ba.  In Lines at one point the language breaks into nonsense, like Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky.” My poem creates a line “Frickle zumious bandersnatch” that riffs on one of his.  Many of the words in “November 14” like “tell . . . it  slant” “heft” “cathedral” riff on their use and meanings of Emily Dickinson poems.

3)     If you like, pull in another art form in some way, and/or something that usually doesn’t go in poetry.  Bernadette Mayer for her project MEMORY kept a journal and shot a roll of 35mm film daily throughout the month of July 1971. As you are diving in, allow yourself to bend your constraints, or wait till the revision process to break.  Do whatever floats your boat, enjoy the freedoms that you do have.

— Sarah Riggs

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Photo:
Malvika Jolly

Sarah Riggs

Sarah Riggs is a poet and artist based in Brooklyn. She received the 1913 Poetry Prize for her book Pomme & Granite and her translation of Etel Adnan’s Time won the Griffin International Prize and Best Translated Book Award. Word Sightings, her essays on the impact of visual media on US poetry, was published by Routledge. With her partner Omar Berrada, Riggs runs Tamaas, an intercultural arts organization focusing on translation, film and education, and co-edited Another Room to Live In: 15 Contemporary Arab Poets (Litmus). Written during the 2016-20 Trump presidency, along with The Nerve Epistle (Roof), Lines is her eighth book of poems.